The analysis of fundamental texts such as “Architecture and Narrativity” and Memory, History, Forgetting aims to fill a gap in studies of Environmental Hermeneutics. Indeed, the analogy between space and narrative, through parallelism with the process of triple mimesis, is usually deduced by environmental hermeneuticists from the works Time and Narrative and Oneself as Another. However, Ricœur himself took it upon himself to make this transposition in a direct and elaborated way from a phenomenological and hermeneutic analysis of the built (...) space and the inhabited space, opening the way for a broader and more grounded epistemology of environmental hermeneutics. The introduction of the critical concept of landscape, as seen today by constructivist and cultural geography, legitimizes the claims of an environmental hermeneutics as an interpretive process of formally non-textual objects. Indeed, landscape in its connection to territory has its own semiotic and semantic character, which is appealed to for reading and interpretation. (shrink)

Cet article essaye d’analyser l’ Histoire de la Guerre du Péloponnèse de Thucydide à la lumière des thèses ricœuriennes sur l’épistémologie de la connaissance historique, notamment les trois moments essentiels de l’opération historiographique : la preuve documentaire, l’explication/compréhension et l’écriture/représentation. Ce qui nous amène à insérer le texte de Thucydide dans la séquence des trois phases de la mimésis impliquée dans toute mise en discours : préfiguration, configuration, refiguration. Le dialogue que nous établissons entre le philosophe français et l’historien grec (...) nous permet aussi de trouver plusieurs dissimilitudes et similitudes entre les deux, soit en réfléchissant sur la question de la vérité, soit en réfléchissant sur la dialectique entre lire et voir, sous le signe du concept rhétorique de l’ enargeia. (shrink)

The history of East Timor has gone through several moments of transformation due to human actions that have the presence of Portuguese, Japanese, Indonesians and different social groups and local kingdoms. With this, one can note the trend of the evolution of thinking, arising from education in philosophy and its contribution to the changes that were seen as necessary, were initial instruments for Timor to become a republic, not explored, but as an autonomous people. Thus, the aim of this article (...) is to present a reflection on the role of philosophy in the history of the Timorese society. Thus, philosophy should not be understood only with a mere sense of individualistic self-construction, or even an incorporation of circumstantial urgencies, but rather with regard to a content that must be taught and learned, given that there are languages and methods and that, with due importance, understanding is built, also developing more doubts and, thus, the philosophical character of national thought. However, it is necessary to recognize the assumption that philosophical themes were established according to universal terms, with Universal approaches and incorporated with the urgencies of each place. Thus, even the themes with a challenging nature, there was still Timorese philosophical expression of clear importance for the development of a national idea, so that philosophy is present and is still discussed in all periods that make up the National History. In that regard, this article will offer in the first part an introduction, second philosophy, third history, fourth nation building, fifth the history of struggle for national liberation and will be end with final consideration. (shrink)

This article will address Edith Stein's interests in relation to the microcosm of man, whether as a material, living, animated or spiritual body, as well as in his social, historical, community and cultural position. For Edith Stein, only through this set of interrelated and exclusive instances, each with its own particularities and yet dependent on the others. The phenomenological study of the SELF presented by the author, in the search for the Divine, for awareness of “character”, in the experience of (...) each part of one's own being, in experience, in empathy, where through philosophical anthropology Edith Stein conceives everyone as living beings, with man as a microcosm. For this reason, in the first part it will be discussed regarding The Centrality of the Body in Stein's Philosophical Anthropology. It has become a necessity within anthropology to refer to the body/empathy element. These two realities are established as essential in Stein's considerations and they are what will determine the scope of what refers to the empathic process and the Constitution of the self, elements so necessary for the recovery of the affirming reality of the human in its specification’s man/woman. In the second stage will address about the Soul and Spirit in Stein's Philosophical Anthropology. The living body is established in the fact that in addition to possessing external sensory characteristics, which can be grasped by consciousnesses, they themselves are holders of the ability to feel. Stein postulates as the first characteristic of the experienced body The Binding of the latter to an individual consciousness, to a subject. In his doctoral work, Stein turns to the characterization of an individual who has an essence that is established not only in the corporeal-psychic dimension, but also in that of spiritual appreciation. Finally, and will be closed with conclusions. (shrink)

A current issue in psycholinguistic research is whether the language difficulties exhibited by children with developmental language disorder [DLD, previously labeled specific language impairment ] are due to deficits in their abilities to pick up patterns in the sensory environment, an ability known as statistical learning, and the extent to which explicit learning mechanisms can be used to compensate for those deficits. Studies designed to test the compensatory role of explicit learning mechanisms in children with DLD are, however, scarce, and (...) the few conducted so far have led to inconsistent results. This work aimed to provide new insights into the role that explicit learning mechanisms might play on implicit learning deficits in children with DLD by resorting to a new approach. This approach involved not only the collection of event-related potentials, while preschool children with DLD [relative to typical language developmental controls] were exposed to a continuous auditory stream made of the repetition of three-syllable nonsense words but, importantly, the collection of ERPs when the same children performed analogous versions of the same auditory SL task first under incidental and afterward under intentional conditions. In each of these tasks, the level of predictability of the three-syllable nonsense words embedded in the speech streams was also manipulated to mimic natural languages closely. At the end of both tasks’ exposure phase, children performed a two-alternative forced-choice task from which behavioral evidence of SL was obtained. Results from the 2-AFC tasks failed to show reliable signs of SL in both groups of children. The ERPs data showed, however, significant modulations in the N100 and N400 components, taken as neural signatures of word segmentation in the brain, even though a detailed analysis of the neural responses revealed that only children from the TLD group seem to have taken advantage of the previous knowledge to enhance SL functioning. These results suggest that children with DLD showed deficits both in implicit and explicit learning mechanisms, casting doubts on the efficiency of the interventions relying on explicit instructions to help children with DLD to overcome their language difficulties. (shrink)

As AI Systems become increasingly autonomous, they are expected to engage in decision-making processes that have moral implications. In this research we integrate theoretical and empirical lines of thought to address the matters of moral reasoning and moral uncertainty in AI Systems. We reconceptualize the metanormative framework for decision-making under moral uncertainty and we operationalize it through a latent class choice model. The core idea being that moral heterogeneity in society can be codified in terms of a small number of (...) classes with distinct moral preferences and that this codification can be used to express moral uncertainty of an AI. Choice analysis allows for the identification of classes and their moral preferences based on observed choice data. Our reformulation of the metanormative framework is theory-rooted and practical in the sense that it avoids runtime issues in real time applications. To illustrate our approach we conceptualize a society in which AI Systems are in charge of making policy choices. While one of the systems uses a baseline morally certain model, the other uses a morally uncertain model. We highlight cases in which the AI Systems disagree about the policy to be chosen, thus illustrating the need to capture moral uncertainty in AI systems. (shrink)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is set to bring changes to legal systems. These technologies may have positive practical implications when it comes to access, efficiency, and accuracy in Justice. However, there are still many uncertainties and challenges associated with the implementation of AI in the legal space. In this research, we surveyed Judges on critical challenges related to the Judging Profession in the AI paradigm; Automated Adjudication; and Legal Principles. Our results suggest that (i) Judges are hesitant about changes in their (...) profession. They signal the need for adequate training that fosters legal literacy in AI, but are less open to changes in legal writing or their social and institutional role; (ii) Judges believe higher levels of automation only lead to fair outcomes if used in earlier phases of adjudication; (iii) Judges believe and are concerned about AI leading to Techno-Legal Positivism; and (iv) Judges consider that Legal AI technologies may have a positive impact in some legal principles, as long as everyone has equal access to those technologies and cybersecurity and judge on the loop safeguards are in place; and (v) Judges are strongly concerned about the de-humanization of Justice. They consider that assessing evidence, analyzing arguments, and deciding on a legal case should be inherently human. By surveying these practitioners, we aim to foster a responsible, inclusive, and transparent innovation in Justice. (shrink)

A key challenge for understanding transcriptional regulation is being able to measure transcription factor (TF)‐DNA binding events with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution; that is, when and where TFs occupy their cognate sites. A recent study by Para et al. has highlighted the dynamics underlying the activation of gene expression by a master regulator TF. This study provides concrete evidence for a long‐standing hypothesis in biology, the “hit‐and‐run” mechanism, which was first proposed decades ago. That is, gene expression is dynamically (...) controlled by a TF that transiently binds and activates a target gene, which might stay in a transcriptionally active state after the initial binding event has ended. Importantly, the experimental procedure introduced, TARGET, provides a useful way for identifying multiple target genes transiently bound by their regulators, which can be used in conjunction with other well‐established methods to improve our understanding of transcriptional regulatory dynamics. (shrink)

Background Compulsory treatments represent a legal means of imposing treatment on an individual, usually with a mental illness, who refuses therapeutic intervention and poses a risk of self-harm or harm to others. Compulsory outpatient treatment in psychiatry, also known as community treatment order, is a modality of involuntary treatment that broadens the therapeutic imposition beyond hospitalization and into the community. Despite its existence in over 75 jurisdictions worldwide, COT is currently one of the most controversial topics in psychiatry, and it (...) presents significant ethical challenges. Nonetheless, the ethical debate regarding compulsory treatment almost always stops at a preclinical level, with the different ethical positions arguing for or against its use, and there is little guidance to support for the individual clinicians to act ethically when making the decision to implement COT. Main body The current body of evidence is not clear about the efficacy of COT. Therefore, despite its application in several countries, evidence favouring the use of COT is controversial and mixed at best. In these unclear circumstances, ethical guidance becomes paramount. This paper provides an ethical analysis of use of COT, considering the principlist framework established by Ross Upshur in 2002 to justify public health interventions during the 2002–2004 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak. This paper thoroughly examines the pertinence of using the principles of harm, proportionality, reciprocity, and transparency when considering the initiation of COT. Conclusion Ross Upshur’s principlist model provides a useful reflection tool for justifying the application of COT. This framework may help to inform sounder ethical decisions in clinical psychiatric practice. (shrink)

The development of living organisms requires a precise coordination of all basic cellular processes, in space and time. Early embryogenesis of most species with externally deposited eggs starts with a series of extremely fast cleavage cycles. These divisions have a strong influence on gene expression as mitosis represses transcription and pre‐mRNA processing. In this review, we will describe the distinct adaptations for efficient gene expression and discuss the emerging role of the multifunctional NineTeen Complex (NTC) in gene expression and genomic (...) stability during fast proliferation. (shrink)

(1998). Staging the self by performing the other: Global fantasies and the migration of the projective imagination 1. Cultural Values: Vol. 2, No. 2-3, pp. 288-304.

This article presents Hanna Arendt’s theory about political judgement, i.e., the expresion of the discursive reason in the political sphere. A certain lack of faith in the public exercise of discursive reason, motivated by her negative experience of totalitarism, leads Arendt to adopt a skeptical and Kantian conception of judgement, which only leaves place for a human action and freedom shorn of rationality in the political arena.

Este livro apresenta Comte e seu Positivismo em linguagem clara e despretensiosa, pois é de alguém que conhece o que está escrevendo. A vida, a obra, a religião, a difusão e a irradiação do Positivismo no RS e no Brasil, e mais a educação e arte positivista em Porto Alegre são temas desenvolvidos com maestria por Mozart Pereira Soares.

En este trabajo nos proponemos analizar el carácter “por naturaleza” que Aristóteles le atribuye a la politicidad humana. Comenzaremos dicho examen atendiendo, en primer lugar, a una reconstrucción y explicación de las descripciones y argumentos que va ofreciendo Aristóteles acerca de la génesis de la polis y del hombre como “animal político” “por naturaleza”, a lo largo de los dos primeros capítulos del libro I de la Política, junto con algunos pasajes pertenecientes al libro III. Procuraremos, en segundo lugar, relevar (...) algunos de los presupuestos metafísicos y físicos que operan a la base del carácter “por naturaleza” asignado a lo político, a fin de dilucidar en qué consiste –dentro de la concepción aristotélica presentada en la Política– tal carácter. Por último, pondremos de relieve la colaboración recíproca que establece Aristóteles entre la tendencia “natural” del hombre a la politicidad y la voluntad humana del fundador de la polis. (shrink)

In 1986 the Russian Woprossy Filosofii published three Kant's Autographs. This paper analyses one of them: the Leningrad Reflection "On the internal sense". This Reflection adds knew arguments to these central topics of the Critique of Pure Reason: space and time and their relation to the constitution of subjectivity.

The present study uses EEG time-frequency representations with a Flanker task to investigate if and how individual differences in bilingual language experience modulate neurocognitive outcomes in two bilingual group types: late bilinguals and early bilinguals. TFRs were computed for both incongruent and congruent trials. The difference between the two was then compared between the HSs and the L2 learners, modeled as a function of individual differences with bilingual experience within each group separately and probed for its potential symmetry between brain (...) and behavioral data. We found no differences at the behavioral and neural levels for the between-groups comparisons. However, oscillatory dynamics of inhibition and cognitive control were found to be modulated by individual differences in bilingual language experience, albeit distinctly within each bilingual group. While the results indicate adaptations toward differential brain recruitment in line with bilingual language experience variation overall, this does not manifest uniformly. Rather, earlier versus later onset to bilingualism—the bilingual type—seems to constitute an independent qualifier to how individual differences play out. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar as críticas de Martin Heidegger e de Gilbert Simondon à concepção corrente da técnica, referida por Heidegger como a “concepção instrumental e antropológica da técnica”. Trata-se de mostrar que as críticas desses pensadores, por mais diferentes que possam ser seus universos conceituais, seus objetivos e seus métodos, são ambas realizadas a partir de um processo de interpretação desconstrutiva dos conceitos de “instrumentalidade”, “alienação” e “hilemorfismo”, num conjunto crítico que a cada vez relaciona diretamente (...) crítica da técnica à crítica da filosofia. Nesse sentido, as análises são apresentadas a partir dos respectivos horizontes de reflexão filosófica de cada autor: no caso de Heidegger, o projeto de elaboração da ontologia fundamental e, posteriormente, o pensamento da história do ser e, no caso de Simondon, a questão da individuação. (shrink)

Este texto quer examinar como Kant a partir da sua concepção de _cogito_ procura refutar o idealismo problemático de Descartes. Em primeiro lugar, quer verificar se Kant, ao entender a consciência de si como dependente da consciência de objeto, não estaria assumindo pressupostos metafísicos e epistemológicos diferentes dos assumidos por Descartes em sua concepção de _cogito_. Em segundo lugar, tenta formular o problema do alcance das noções de representação e reflexividade em cada um dos referidos filósofos. Para enfrentar essa problemática, (...) elege como metodologia de investigação a análise da Refutação do Idealismo da Analítica dos Princípios da _Crítica da Razão Pura_, bem como de alguns textos de Descartes que explicitam a sua concepção de _cogito_. (shrink)

O Projeto de Pesquisa realizado através do NIQ – Núcleo de Ilustrações e Quadrinhos, pelo Centro de Estudos em Design da Imagem da UEMG – UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DE MINAS GERAIS, tem a pretensão de incentivar alunos da Escola Municipal Secretário Humberto de Almeida em Belo Horizonte-Minas Gerais-Brasil a comunicar a cultura brasileira, em especial às raízes culturais da Capital mineira, através de levantamento e análise de material em quadrinhos na Internet. O objetivo principal é inserir e incentivar esses alunos (...) do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental na pesquisa científica, utilizar de meios que os faça terem interesse por pesquisa. A História em Quadrinho (HQ) como mediadora na transmissão da mensagem entre pesquisadores, professores e alunos do Ensino Fundamental e do Ensino Superior. A internet passa a ser o meio potencial para realização da análise de imagens e de conteúdos textuais existentes nessas Revistas em Quadrinhos. Ao despertarmos suas curiosidades, pensamos em fazê-lo refletir sobre o assunto, buscamos colocar em questão: como abordar a cultura brasileira através dos quadrinhos existentes na Internet? Verificamos que estimula, impulsiona e fortalece o aluno do Ensino Fundamental ao conhecimento e aprendizado cultural, além de mostrar caminhos mais confiáveis para a informação através da internet. O estudo mostra que existe contexto socio-cultural presente nas HQs e que servem de estímulo para jovens estudantes na iniciação cientifica. (shrink)

Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a Qualidade de Vida (QV) em pacientes com transtorno depressivo maior antes e após tratamento antidepressivo eficaz. Participaram do estudo 26 indivíduos (18 a 65 anos) com episódio agudo de Transtorno Depressivo Maior, segundo critérios do DSM-IV. A duração do..

O presente artigo propõe-se a realizar um estudo comparado, eminentemente teórico, entre os critérios materiais para determinação do bem jurídico nas teorias normativas do direito de John Finnis e de Martha Nussbaum, com fito a apresentar o modo de fundamentação e o conteúdo das listas propostas por cada um dos autores. Inicialmente, o estudo discutirá os bens humanos básicos em Finnis. Após, as capacidades em Nussbaum. E, por fim, ambas as propostas serão comparadas, com fulcro a obter suas possibilidades e (...) limitações, em especial, a partir dos critérios de método, posição política e taxatividade. (shrink)

In normative terms, human dignity usually implies two consequences: human beings cannot be treated in some particular ways due to their condition as humans; and some forms of life do not correspond to the ideal life of our community. This study consists in discussing the meaning of this idea of human dignity in contrast to the concept of humiliation in the context of institutional, i.e. political and legal, rights. Two concepts of human dignity will be discussed. The first absolute/necessary and (...) formal/transcendental concept implies the proposition “because human beings have dignity, the following cluster of rights is valid”. Conversely, the second contingent and material concept corresponds to the thought “for being able to live in dignity, we must respect the following rights”. This paper claims that human dignity should be understood as the right to be protected from humiliation. Humiliation is the situation of incapacity or absence of self-determination. (shrink)

O que Foucault entende por jornalismo e como ele se relaciona com a filosofia? Para responder à questão, escrutinamos declarações do autor francês acerca do assunto, especialmente sobre dois personagens: Nietzsche “o primeiro filósofo-jornalista” e Kant “o responsável por introduzir o hoje na filosofia”. Detalhando nuances, pretendemos mostrar em que o pensamento de Foucault se avizinha de um jornalismo radical, e em que deste ele se diferencia.

“Positivista feliz”ou “hipermilitante pessimista”? Sobre os atos de problematização em Michel Foucault1 Resumo: Através do escrutínio de duas noções centrais do pensamento de Michel Foucault – crítica e genealogia–, este texto elucida o conceito de problematização, dando ênfase a seu possível caráter performativo. Numa primeira parte, construímos uma perspectiva do que seria a tarefa do pensador crítico, para, num segundo momento, elucidar a diferença entre uma história das soluções e uma genealogia dos problemas. A provocativa interrogação do título remete a (...) duas atitudes aludidas pelo filósofo. Ao pensar os atos de problematização, esperamos fornecer uma posição acerca deles, e mostrar um modo particular do autor de moldar as noções centrais abordadas anteriormente. Palavras-Chave: Crítica. Genealogia. Atos de Fala. Filosofia. Problematização. 1 Financiamento de pesquisa: CNPq Michel Foucault: “Happy positivist” or “Hyperactivist pessimist”? On its acts of problematization: Scrutinizing two main notions of Michel Foucault’s thinking – Critique and Genealogy -, this paper elucidates the concept of problematization, with an emphasis in its hypothetical performative aspect. Firstly, we build a perspective on the task of a critical thinker to, in a second moment, elucidate the difference between a history of solutions and a genealogy of problems. The provocative question mark in title refers to two attitudes alluded by Foucault. Reflecting about acts of problematization, we hope to offer a position about them, and show the particular way of this author to shape those central notions approached before. Keywords: Critique. Genealogy. Speech Acts. Philosophy. Problematization. ¿"Positivista feliz" o "hipermilitante pesimista"? Sobre los actos de problematización de Michel Foucault Resumen: Mediante el escrutinio de dos nociones centrales del pensamiento de Michel Foucault – crítica y genealogía – este texto elucida el concepto de problematización, enfatizando su posible carácter performativo. En la primera parte, construimos una perspectiva del que sería la tarea del pensador crítico, para en un secundo momento, elucidar la diferencia entre una historia de las soluciones e una genealogía de los problemas. La provocativa interrogación del título remite a dos actitudes de Foucault. Pensando los actos de problematización, nosotros intentamos fornecer una posición acerca de ellos, y mostrar un modo particular del autor de moldar las nociones centrales abordadas anteriormente. Palabras clave: Crítica. Genealogía. Actos del habla. Filosofía. Problematización. Data de registro: 03/10/2019 Data de aceite: 27/05/2020. (shrink)

O trabalho busca comparar as noções tomasianas de “abstração” e “ser”, e as noções zubirianas de “intelecção senciente” e “realidade”, articulando, também, as noções de “participação” e “religação”.

Segundo Xavier Zubiri, a pessoa humana está “religada” a Deus, isto é, sua realidade está constituída “em” Deus, e para o Cristianismo este ser “em” Deus é ser “como” Deus, é “deiformidade”. O presente artigo irá estudar a relação entre tal conceito e os conceitos de graça santificante e de “deificação”, este último presente no primeiro escrito teológico zubiriano, bem como a conexão desta relação com o conceitos teológicos clássico de “natureza” e “sobrenaturalidade”, cujo conteúdo seria recusado por Zubiri, e (...) a adequação de tais noções ao Magistério católico. (shrink)

Resenha dos Escritos políticos de Santo Tomás de Aquino, publicados pela Editora Vozes, que trazem dois textos fundamentais para a compreensão da questão política no Aquinate: as “Questões sobre a lei na Suma Teológica” e o Do reino ou do governo dos príncipes ao rei de Chipre.

O manuscrito original é de língua grega e sua tradução para o português é realizada por Ivo Storniolo e Euclides M. Balancin, sendo publicada pela editora Paulus numa coleção chamada Patrística, em referência aos textos produzidos no período inicial da Filosofia Cristã, escritos pelos chamados “padres da Igreja”, que prepararam a Filosofia Medieval. Apesar da inserção na coleção de textos da editora, a Carta a Diogneto não é claramente um texto produzido por um dos tais padres patrísticos, todavia, levando em (...) consideração o caráter instrutivo e apologético da carta, o conteúdo demonstra certas aproximações. O autor da carta é incerto, mas estima-se que sejam verdadeiramente alguns sábios dos primeiros séculos do cristianismo. Apesar da antiguidade, a carta só veio a ser encontrada em 1436 por Tomás de Arezzo, em Constantinopla. (shrink)

O presente artigo apresenta um panorama da filosofia da religião, indicando suas distintas vertentes, salientando de modo especial a filosofia “teologal” de Xavier Zubiri (1898-1983), com seu conceito de “religação”, no intuito de responder à questão de se a religiosidade é uma dimensão constitutiva da pessoa humana.

O estudo teve como objetivo comparar e correlacionar indicadores de habilidades sociais e do envolvimento de pais com filhos portadores de retardo mental. Participaram 27 casais com filhos portadores de retardo mental. Os pais responderam os questionários "Critério Brasil", "Qualidade da interação f..

In this paper we explore the concept of dialogicity, taking a workshop offered to in-service indigenous teachers as a reference. This concept has been explored for decades in the academic literature. In recent years, it has gained greater importance, as official curricula in several countries have emphasized the importance of developing education that is more centered on the needs of learners. Although the general guidelines of these curricula are defined, the exercise of dialogue in classrooms involves the challenge of balancing (...) the formal requirements of the various fields of knowledge with the students' own interests. Thus, in most cases, researchers examine dialogues in the classroom, verifying the extent to which teachers allow students to express themselves on issues specific to school knowledge. In this sense, it is still not the students’ existential questions that prevail, since the most valued results of the dialogues are already defined in advance. Such results will be related to the domain of school contents. Would it be possible to approach formal education in other ways? Would it be possible to prioritize questions raised by students? These are present challenges for educators who propose to approach teaching from a socially centered perspective. The workshop described in this paper constitutes an example of dialogicity exercised from an existential questioning formulated by the participating teachers. Such questioning was related to the creation of a numbering system that would suit their mother tongue. In that context, it can be inferred that there has been progress in the sense of understanding school practice as a possibility of broadening perceptions of the world through serious consideration of the needs formulated by the learners. (shrink)